1. I think that the scheduling in class worked really well this year. I like how we had our weekly reports and that was something we knew was coming up. Another thing I liked was having time during class to get some homework done. I really like how in the beginning of the course, we did experiments that related to real life which made by have a better understanding of what we were learning in class.
2. I think one thing to change about the course is to complete the practice quizzes as a class before the mini quizzes so we knew what to expect on the quiz and also study the completed practice quizzes at home later that day. Another thing to possibly change is going over all of the homework in class the next day. However, I liked that if a student or multiple students were confused on a certain concept from the past night's homework, we would go over it as a class and just clarify the concept.
3. I think the Economist reports could be taken a step further is by adding videos to the article or students could choose if they want to do an oral presentation, a project, a video, etc.
4. To use the blogs more efficiently, students in future years could use blogs similar to what we have been doing. I also think that instead of blog questions, students could just blog about what they did in class that day to explain any labs or review.
5. I think that the instructor should check if students completed the homework because it might take to long for the instructor to check each student's correct or incorrect work.
Summer 2013
Thursday, July 25, 2013
Wednesday, July 24, 2013
Unit 3 SBS #11, 12 (pg. 258)
11. a. Chemical to mechanical energy
b. Electrical to light energy
c. Mechanical to electrical energy
d. Mechanical to electrical energy
12. In gasoline-powered vehicles, 75% of the fuel's energy is lost in the engine, mostly as heat.
b. Electrical to light energy
c. Mechanical to electrical energy
d. Mechanical to electrical energy
12. In gasoline-powered vehicles, 75% of the fuel's energy is lost in the engine, mostly as heat.
Unit 3 SCS #1, 3, 6, 13 (pg. 279)
1. a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. 500 - 20,000 or more
3. Natural: starch, proteins, gelatin, nucleic acids
Synthetic: fabrics, rubber, foam, adhesive
6. They are described as unsaturated because they contain carbon-carbon double bonds.
13. I'm not sure.
b. Two
c. Three
d. 500 - 20,000 or more
3. Natural: starch, proteins, gelatin, nucleic acids
Synthetic: fabrics, rubber, foam, adhesive
6. They are described as unsaturated because they contain carbon-carbon double bonds.
13. I'm not sure.
Tuesday, July 23, 2013
Unit 3 SBS #1-10 (pg. 258)
1. Petroleum is called "buried sunshine" because the energy released by burning fossil fuels represents energy originally captured from the sunlight.
2. a. Potential energy is energy of position or condition. An example is when a car moves, the spring unwinds, providing energy to the moving parts.
b. Kinetic energy is energy related to motion. An example is the movement of a car is based on converting potential energy into kinetic energy.
3. When a chemical reaction takes place and releases energy, bonds break and reactant atoms reorganize to form new bonds.
4. Butane would have more potential energy because it has a higher boiling point and contains more carbon atoms.
5. a. potential energy
b. potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. potential energy
e. kinetic energy
6. Energy is needed to break chemical bonds because the process yields products with different and more stable bonding arrangements. The products have less energy than the original reactants. Energy stored in the reactants is released in the form of heat and light.
7. a. Exothermic - energy is being released
b. Endothermic - energy is required
c. Endothermic - energy is required
8. Because burning a candle is an exothermic reaction, there is more energy in the product than there was in the reaction to begin with.
9. I am confused on this question.
10. Energy is neither created nor destroyed in any mechanical, physical, or chemical processes.
2. a. Potential energy is energy of position or condition. An example is when a car moves, the spring unwinds, providing energy to the moving parts.
b. Kinetic energy is energy related to motion. An example is the movement of a car is based on converting potential energy into kinetic energy.
3. When a chemical reaction takes place and releases energy, bonds break and reactant atoms reorganize to form new bonds.
4. Butane would have more potential energy because it has a higher boiling point and contains more carbon atoms.
5. a. potential energy
b. potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. potential energy
e. kinetic energy
6. Energy is needed to break chemical bonds because the process yields products with different and more stable bonding arrangements. The products have less energy than the original reactants. Energy stored in the reactants is released in the form of heat and light.
7. a. Exothermic - energy is being released
b. Endothermic - energy is required
c. Endothermic - energy is required
8. Because burning a candle is an exothermic reaction, there is more energy in the product than there was in the reaction to begin with.
9. I am confused on this question.
10. Energy is neither created nor destroyed in any mechanical, physical, or chemical processes.
Unit 3 SAS #31-38 (pg. 235)
31. a. Propane - C3H8
b. Pentane - C5H12
32. The prefix indicates the number of carbon atoms in the backbone carbon chain.
33. They are all isomers since they have identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of atoms.
34.
35. Butane
36. A linear chain is where each carbon atom is only linked to one to two other carbon atoms and a zig-zag chain is where one atom is linked to three or four carbon atoms.
37. a.
b. The branch-chain molecule would have a lower boiling point because it would be easier to break apart from each other.
38. a. Short straight chain because it has less surface area
b. Short branched chain because it has less surface area
c. Short branched chain because it has less surface area
b. Pentane - C5H12
32. The prefix indicates the number of carbon atoms in the backbone carbon chain.
33. They are all isomers since they have identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of atoms.
34.
35. Butane
36. A linear chain is where each carbon atom is only linked to one to two other carbon atoms and a zig-zag chain is where one atom is linked to three or four carbon atoms.
37. a.
b. The branch-chain molecule would have a lower boiling point because it would be easier to break apart from each other.
38. a. Short straight chain because it has less surface area
b. Short branched chain because it has less surface area
c. Short branched chain because it has less surface area
Monday, July 22, 2013
Unit 3 SAS #1-30 (pg. 233)
1. Hydrocarbons are molecular compounds that only contain atoms of hydrogen and carbon.
28. The 4 dots represent valence electrons
3. It has a high energy content and can be used in many objects
5. Crude oil means it is in it's natural state/it is raw.
6. a. 2622 barrels
b. 21220 barrels
7. Lubricating oil, diesel, and fuel oil
8. a. Hairdryer, toothbrush, combs, and so?
b. Air dry, rinsing our mouth, hands, wipes
10. a. Central Asia, Far East, Oceania
b. Middle East
11. a. North America, Western and Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania
b. Central and South America, Africa, and Middle East
12. If the 2 substances are insoluble in each other
13. Acetone and water
15.
16. Fractional distillation produces several distinctive mixtures
17. Refined oils, gas oil, and petrochemicals
18. From the bottom since the temperature is the hottest there
19. Simple distillation would be the next step
20. Methane, pentane, hexane, and octane
21. A covalent bond is the sharing of 2 or more valence electrons between two atoms
22. There are no more electrons to fill the shell
23. The dogs must share the sock like electrons would share a bond with an atom
26. a. Structural formulas show the structure/makeup of the elements. Molecular formulas show the number of atoms in the molecules used
b. Structural formulas don't give an accurate representation which helps predict a molecules physical and chemical behavior.
27. a.
b.
29. a. C9H20
b. C1634
c. C10H22
d. C18H38
30. a. 128
b. 226
c. 142
d. 254
Sunday, July 21, 2013
Unit 4 B.8 1-6 (pg. 350)
1. 10 kilograms of carbon dioxide is produced by the 10 buses.
2. 4 liters of fuel is consumed by the 10 buses.
3. 1,800 kilograms of carbon dioxide would by released by the buses and 720 liters of fuel would be consumed.
4. When the buses convert the fossil fuels to atmospheric carbon dioxide, it is a much quicker process than when it happens naturally. Atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased by 30% in the past 200 years since the invention of cars, buses, and other transportation that uses fuels because the produce more CO2.
5. I don't think that the bus idling policy will help the worldwide supply of fossil fuels significantly because it takes more carbon dioxide and energy to turn the buses on and off again and again at each stop.
6. Some people may thing that the bus idling policy is necessary for the students' health and it could be better for the environment. However, since turning on the buses would produce more carbon dioxide and more bus exhaust creating acid rain, ozone depletion, global warming, and other problems, there aren't really any significant benefits or reasons for the bus idling policy.
2. 4 liters of fuel is consumed by the 10 buses.
3. 1,800 kilograms of carbon dioxide would by released by the buses and 720 liters of fuel would be consumed.
4. When the buses convert the fossil fuels to atmospheric carbon dioxide, it is a much quicker process than when it happens naturally. Atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased by 30% in the past 200 years since the invention of cars, buses, and other transportation that uses fuels because the produce more CO2.
5. I don't think that the bus idling policy will help the worldwide supply of fossil fuels significantly because it takes more carbon dioxide and energy to turn the buses on and off again and again at each stop.
6. Some people may thing that the bus idling policy is necessary for the students' health and it could be better for the environment. However, since turning on the buses would produce more carbon dioxide and more bus exhaust creating acid rain, ozone depletion, global warming, and other problems, there aren't really any significant benefits or reasons for the bus idling policy.
Unit 4 B.3 #1-4 (pg. 344)
1. Since infrared radiation is heat energy, it isn't as dangerous as UV radiation, which is the most energetic form of sun radiation. UV light can cause cancer and damage living organisms because it has high enough energy to break covalent bonds.
2. Visible radiation can energize electrons in some chemical bonds. It can also scatter throughout Earth and cause red sunsets and blue skies.
3. Since there is less water vapor, infrared radiation is not stored, reradiated, and reflected back into the atmosphere but the visible and UV radiation directly exposed to the surface of the Earth is used to heat the Earth. This results in wider air-temperature fluctuations because not as much heat is stored in the clouds.
4. a. If Earth had fewer gas molecules, the daytime temperature would much cooler because infrared radiation couldn't be stored and reradiated.
b. The nighttime temperature would also be much cooler since there is less heat to store during the day.
2. Visible radiation can energize electrons in some chemical bonds. It can also scatter throughout Earth and cause red sunsets and blue skies.
3. Since there is less water vapor, infrared radiation is not stored, reradiated, and reflected back into the atmosphere but the visible and UV radiation directly exposed to the surface of the Earth is used to heat the Earth. This results in wider air-temperature fluctuations because not as much heat is stored in the clouds.
4. a. If Earth had fewer gas molecules, the daytime temperature would much cooler because infrared radiation couldn't be stored and reradiated.
b. The nighttime temperature would also be much cooler since there is less heat to store during the day.
Blog Question
Global warming is the increase in the temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Global warming effects every region and has already caused some damage. Eventually, winters will become warmer as well as summers and farmers will have difficulty in growing crops because there might not be enough rain. Since the temperatures are increasing, glaciers are melting causing oceans to rise. With a continuous rise in ocean water, there could be major flooding in costal cities. Global warming as an international problem and there are ways to slow the temperature increase. To slow down the process, you can reduce fossil fuel use, plant trees, reduce waste, and conserve water.
Unit 4 SBS #14-20 (pg. 361)
14. Since CO2 and water vapor are both greenhouse gases, they would absorb infrared radiation, helping maintain a stable temperature.
15. a. Natural process: Burning coal and removing trees in forests
Human activity: Breathing and photosynthesis
b. Natural process: Decomposition of plants and animals
Human process: Fossil fuels and livestock
16. a. Increase in greenhouse/atmospheric gases, higher air pressure
b. Decrease in greenhouse/atmospheric gases, lower air pressure
19. Atmospheric CO2 gas, solid calcium carbonate, natural gas and organic molecules.
15. a. Natural process: Burning coal and removing trees in forests
Human activity: Breathing and photosynthesis
b. Natural process: Decomposition of plants and animals
Human process: Fossil fuels and livestock
16. a. Increase in greenhouse/atmospheric gases, higher air pressure
b. Decrease in greenhouse/atmospheric gases, lower air pressure
17. Greenhouses with transparent glass act the same way greenhouse gases change UV and visible radiation to infrared radiation in clouds and reflects heat energy within Earth. Since the infrared light can't escape glass, a green house with transparent glass is much warmer that one with wood walls.
18.
a.
b.
19. Atmospheric CO2 gas, solid calcium carbonate, natural gas and organic molecules.
20. Carbon atoms could be part of the atmosphere as a gas due to photosynthesis. They could be part of the lithosphere due to plant or animal decaying. They could be part of the hydrosphere as limestone.
Saturday, July 20, 2013
Unit 4 SBS #1-8 (pg. 360)
1. High frequency radiation is also high energy radiation. Low frequency radiation is also low energy radiation.
2. Spectrum is a good descriptor because there is a very wide range of amounts of energy in electromagnetic radiation.
3. Visible light is useful in plant photosynthesis because it can energize electrons in some chemical bonds.
4. a. Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays.
b. The lower amount of energy there is on the spectrum, the less harmful the energy is. Radio waves would be the least dangerous and gamma rays would be the most.
5. UV-C radiation is effective for cleaning lab googles because it can kill bacteria and destroy viruses.
6. Infrared radiation usually doesn't reach the Earth's surface because it is absorbed by CO2 and H20 molecules in the atmosphere. Visible radiation can travel down to Earth's surface and causes red sunsets and blue skies. Ultraviolet radiation is absorbed in the stratosphere before it reaches Earth's surface.
7. Solar radiation that reaches the Earth's surface is reflected when it strikes snow, sand or concrete and it warms the atmosphere, oceans, and continents, as well as powering the hydrologic cycle.
8. a. Asphalt is warmed up much quicker than lake water when exposed to sunlight because it has a darker color so it can hold more heat.
2. Spectrum is a good descriptor because there is a very wide range of amounts of energy in electromagnetic radiation.
3. Visible light is useful in plant photosynthesis because it can energize electrons in some chemical bonds.
4. a. Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays.
b. The lower amount of energy there is on the spectrum, the less harmful the energy is. Radio waves would be the least dangerous and gamma rays would be the most.
5. UV-C radiation is effective for cleaning lab googles because it can kill bacteria and destroy viruses.
6. Infrared radiation usually doesn't reach the Earth's surface because it is absorbed by CO2 and H20 molecules in the atmosphere. Visible radiation can travel down to Earth's surface and causes red sunsets and blue skies. Ultraviolet radiation is absorbed in the stratosphere before it reaches Earth's surface.
7. Solar radiation that reaches the Earth's surface is reflected when it strikes snow, sand or concrete and it warms the atmosphere, oceans, and continents, as well as powering the hydrologic cycle.
8. a. Asphalt is warmed up much quicker than lake water when exposed to sunlight because it has a darker color so it can hold more heat.
Thursday, July 18, 2013
Blog Question
Alloys are metals made by combining two or more metallic elements. They are used for transportation, construction, ductility, aircraft turbine engines, and high corrosion resistance. The properties of alloys can change according to their hardness and the amount of and element added and the processing it went through.
Unit 2 SDS #7-13 (pg. 204)
7. An alloy is a metal made by combing two or more metallic elements.
8. We use steel, which is made up of iron, carbon, and small amounts of other elements, as well as 14-carat gold, which is made of copper and silver. We use steel in kitchen utensils and plumbing fixtures and 14-carat gold to make jewelry.
9. Carbon is a nonmetal that is a component in both steel and stainless steel.
10. The chemical formula of chromium-platinum alloy is Cr3Pt. It is used in razor blade edges and one important physical property is that it is hard.
11. Semiconductors are located where metalloids are located on the periodic table.
12. Silicon, boron, and germanium are 3 elements used for doping semiconductors.
13. The main use of semiconductors is to allow computers to process digital information.
8. We use steel, which is made up of iron, carbon, and small amounts of other elements, as well as 14-carat gold, which is made of copper and silver. We use steel in kitchen utensils and plumbing fixtures and 14-carat gold to make jewelry.
9. Carbon is a nonmetal that is a component in both steel and stainless steel.
10. The chemical formula of chromium-platinum alloy is Cr3Pt. It is used in razor blade edges and one important physical property is that it is hard.
11. Semiconductors are located where metalloids are located on the periodic table.
12. Silicon, boron, and germanium are 3 elements used for doping semiconductors.
13. The main use of semiconductors is to allow computers to process digital information.
Wednesday, July 17, 2013
Blog Question
O2 is oxygen and O3 is ozone. The difference between the two is the atomic arrangement. O2 is what we breathe in, while O3 is a substance found in upper layers of out planet's atmosphere and some air pollution.
Unit 2 SDS #1-6 (pg. 204)
1. Allotropes are different forms of an element that have different physical or chemical properties.
2. Oxygen and phosphorus.
3. a. A diamond is shiny, graphite is a black/gray solid, and coal is a dark, ashy solid.
b. They have different atomic arrangements.
c. They quality and optical characteristics.
4. Engineered materials have modified properties, while natural materials come from plants, animals, or the ground.
5. Two advantages are ceramics can become substitutes for steel and they run engines with an increased efficiency. Two disadvantages are ceramics become brittle and they can fracture easily.
6. Two examples are polyethylene can be tailored to display soft and pliable properties or they can be crafted to be hard.
2. Oxygen and phosphorus.
3. a. A diamond is shiny, graphite is a black/gray solid, and coal is a dark, ashy solid.
b. They have different atomic arrangements.
c. They quality and optical characteristics.
4. Engineered materials have modified properties, while natural materials come from plants, animals, or the ground.
5. Two advantages are ceramics can become substitutes for steel and they run engines with an increased efficiency. Two disadvantages are ceramics become brittle and they can fracture easily.
6. Two examples are polyethylene can be tailored to display soft and pliable properties or they can be crafted to be hard.
Tuesday, July 16, 2013
Unit 2 SCS #13-21 (pg. 181)
13. a. 6 moles
b. 5 moles
c. 5 moles
14. a. 2 moles
b. 621 grams
c. 28 grams
d. 415 grams
15. The actual mass is 66.6666666% but since the numbers continue forever, you would round it up to 67%.
16. a. 87%
b. 53%
c. 40%
17. a. 68%
b. 10%
c. 6.8%
d.
18. a. Reusing is when something is used more than once. Recycling is when you convert an object into a new object.
b. Reusing: water bottles, paper
Recycling: cans, glass, plastic
19. a. water, air, soil
b. minerals, fossil fuels
20. a. reusing
b. recycling
c. reusing
21. The glass of from a lightbulb cannot be reused but newspaper can be reused and recycled. The life of a lightbulb is much shorter than newspaper since it can't be reused, but it can be recycled.
b. 5 moles
c. 5 moles
14. a. 2 moles
b. 621 grams
c. 28 grams
d. 415 grams
15. The actual mass is 66.6666666% but since the numbers continue forever, you would round it up to 67%.
16. a. 87%
b. 53%
c. 40%
17. a. 68%
b. 10%
c. 6.8%
d.
18. a. Reusing is when something is used more than once. Recycling is when you convert an object into a new object.
b. Reusing: water bottles, paper
Recycling: cans, glass, plastic
19. a. water, air, soil
b. minerals, fossil fuels
20. a. reusing
b. recycling
c. reusing
21. The glass of from a lightbulb cannot be reused but newspaper can be reused and recycled. The life of a lightbulb is much shorter than newspaper since it can't be reused, but it can be recycled.
Monday, July 15, 2013
Blog Question
Atoms are the most basic unit of a chemical element. In atoms are protons, electrons, and neutrons. In the nucleus, there are a certain number of protons and neutrons, giving the atoms of the element a certain atomic number that goes along with it's properties. Protons are positively charged particles and electrons are negatively charged particles. Many elements can readily lose or gain electrons making them become an ion. Molecules are groups of atoms bonded together that are the smallest unit in a substance. For example in CO2 and H20, oxygen has 2 atoms and hydrogen has 2 atoms, respectively, making them molecules. Each combination of the elements is a substance.
Unit 2 SCS #1-12 (pg. 180)
1. Matter is neither created nor destroyed.
2. Scientific laws summarize what has been learned by careful observations of nature.
3. Those expressions are misleading because they make it seem like atoms are being "used up" or "thrown away" when they actually just become rearranged into different molecule.
4. a. Reaction: Sn: 1 H: 1 F: 1
Product: Sn: 1 H: 2 F: 2
This equation is not balanced.
b. Reaction: Si: 1 O: 2 C: 1
Product: Si: 1 O: 1 C: 2
This equation is not balanced.
c. Reaction: Al: 1 O: 3 H: 6 Cl: 3
Product: Al: 1 O: 3 H: 6 Cl: 3
This equation is balanced.
5. a. 3
b. 2
c. 1
6. a. 1, 3, 1, 3
b. 1, 1, 1, 1
c. 4, 3, 2
7. a. 1, 3, 2, 3
b. 2, 10, 16, 18
8. a. Reactants: Na = 2
S = 1
O = 4
K = 2
Cl = 1
Products: Na = 2
S = 1
O = 4
K = 2
Cl = 1
b. The student didn't create a properly balanced equation since he/she added atoms instead of adding coefficients to the substance.
c. 1, 2, 2, 1
9. Approximately 2,000,000 years.
10. a. 32
b. 48
c. 100
d. 58
e. 180
11. 1 mole of the substance is 63.6 grams of copper and 23.0 of sodium metal.
12. a. 6.02 x 10^23
b. 3.01 x 10^23
c. 0.602 x 10^23
d. 0.154 x 10^23
2. Scientific laws summarize what has been learned by careful observations of nature.
3. Those expressions are misleading because they make it seem like atoms are being "used up" or "thrown away" when they actually just become rearranged into different molecule.
4. a. Reaction: Sn: 1 H: 1 F: 1
Product: Sn: 1 H: 2 F: 2
This equation is not balanced.
b. Reaction: Si: 1 O: 2 C: 1
Product: Si: 1 O: 1 C: 2
This equation is not balanced.
c. Reaction: Al: 1 O: 3 H: 6 Cl: 3
Product: Al: 1 O: 3 H: 6 Cl: 3
This equation is balanced.
5. a. 3
b. 2
c. 1
6. a. 1, 3, 1, 3
b. 1, 1, 1, 1
c. 4, 3, 2
7. a. 1, 3, 2, 3
b. 2, 10, 16, 18
8. a. Reactants: Na = 2
S = 1
O = 4
K = 2
Cl = 1
Products: Na = 2
S = 1
O = 4
K = 2
Cl = 1
b. The student didn't create a properly balanced equation since he/she added atoms instead of adding coefficients to the substance.
c. 1, 2, 2, 1
9. Approximately 2,000,000 years.
10. a. 32
b. 48
c. 100
d. 58
e. 180
11. 1 mole of the substance is 63.6 grams of copper and 23.0 of sodium metal.
12. a. 6.02 x 10^23
b. 3.01 x 10^23
c. 0.602 x 10^23
d. 0.154 x 10^23
Blog Question
Beryllium is produced by extraction from beryl, however it is very difficult to extract since beryllium has a high attraction to oxygen. It is prepared by reducing beryllium fluoride with magnesium metal. Beryllium has many uses including springs, materials in crafting space shuttles, x-rays, computer parts, as well as others. It was discovered in 1798 by a man named Louis Nicholas Vauquelin from France. Beryllium has a melting point of 1287+/-5°C, boiling point of 2970°C, specific gravity of 1.848 (20°C), and valence of 2. The metal is steel-gray in color, very light, with one of the highest melting points of the light metals. Its modulus of elasticity is a third higher than that of steel. Beryllium has high thermal conductivity, is nonmagnetic, and resists attack by concentrated nitric acid. Beryllium resists oxidation in air at ordinary temperatures. The metal has a high permeability to x-radiation. When bombarded by alpha particles, it yields neutrons in the ratio of approximately 30 million neutrons per million alpha particles. Beryllium and its compounds are toxic and should not be tasted to verify the metal's sweetness.Beryllium has good properties for uses like springs and materials used in spacecrafts since it has a high resistance to corrosion and doesn't usually react with many elements. Beryllium is very chemically similar to aluminum but not as similar to other elements so aluminum would be the best replacement if one was ever needed. Beryllium is the most abundant in the United States, China, Mozambique, and Kazakhstan. It is usually found in up to 30 mineral species so the production needs are met for it's uses.
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